芍药的访花昆虫和传粉昆虫

20 0 0～ 2 0 0 2年对内蒙古赤峰市高格斯台罕乌拉自然保护区内野生芍药 (PaeonialactifloraPall.)和内蒙古农校芍药园内栽培品种芍药的访花昆虫进行调查 ,经整理鉴定有 2 9种 ,自然保护区内芍药的访花昆虫种类有 1 7种 ,芍药园内的访花昆虫有 1 7种。根据传粉行为和数量的比较确定了自然保护区内主要传粉昆虫为丽斑芫菁、黄胫宽花天牛、黑胫宽花天牛、短毛斑金龟、饥星花金龟、白星花金龟和大淡脉隧蜂 ;芍药园内的主要传粉昆虫为意大利蜜蜂、棕边管食蚜蝇、长尾管食蚜蝇、大淡脉隧蜂、灰带管食蚜蝇和小淡脉隧蜂。     

Patch Time Allocation by the Parasitoid Diadegma semiclausum (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). III. Effects of Kairomone Sources and Previous Parasitism

We investigated the effects of kairomone sources and previous parasitism on the patch-leaving behavior of Diadegma semiclausum, a solitary endoparasitoid of larval Plutella xylostella. Individual female wasps were released onto an experimental plant, and were allowed to freely leave for an alternative host plant placed upwind of the experimental plant in a wind tunnel. In one experiment, the experimental plant was either intact, contained host damage alone, or contained both hosts and host damage. In another experiment, the plant was infested with either unparasitized hosts, hosts parasitized previously by the female herself, or parasitized by Cotesia plutellae, another larval endoparasitoid of P. xylostella. We analyzed the influence of kairomone sources, host types, and within-patch foraging experience on the patch-leaving tendency of D. semiclausum by means of the proportional hazards model. Presence of host damage, and unsuccessful host encounters as a result of host defenses decreased the parasitoids' patch-leaving tendency, while successful oviposition, self-superparasitism, and rejection of parasitized hosts increased their patch-leaving tendency. A conceptual model of the parasitoid's patch-leaving behavior is proposed on the basis of the results of current and previous studies.     

Recruitment Behavior During Foraging in the Neotropical Ant Gnamptogenys moelleri (Formicidae: Ponerinae): Does the Type of Food Matter?

Gnamptogenys moelleri nests in bromeliads and feeds on an array of food items, including dead and live animals, and nectar. Field data in Brazilian forests indicate that G. moelleri hunts solitarily, while retrieving is performed both by solitary workers for small items, or by a group of recruited workers for large items. This flexible foraging strategy was investigated in the laboratory through a series of experiments to assess the context in which recruitment is elicited. Three types of food were used: 50% honey solution, large insect prey, and cluster of small insects. For all food types the first encounter by a scout resulted in increased numbers of ants leaving the nest and finding the food in the arena. After finding liquid food or large prey, the forager returns to the nest and transmits information to nestmates about food location on the substrate. The successful scout repeatedly taps the sting on the ground, and recruited ants collectively retrieve the large insect to the nest. On the other hand, there is no transmission of information to nestmates about the location of small clumped prey, although the returning scout induces nestmates to leave the nest and hunt. Because foraging in G. moelleri is restricted mostly to the nest bromeliad, and small worker size (0.5 cm) precludes capturing large prey solitarily, recruitment behavior widens the spectrum of food items consumed by this ant species. Although recruitment behavior in ponerines has already been reported to vary with the type and size of a food source, this study also shows that the transmission of information about food location depends on the type of food found (large prey or liquid food versus cluster of small prey).     

The Sweet Tooth of Adult Parasitoid Cotesia rubecula: Ignoring Hosts for Nectar?

Investing time and energy into survival and reproduction often presents a trade-off to many species of animals. In parasitic wasps, both hosts and sugar sources contribute to the forager's fitness but are often found in different locations. The decision to search for hosts or for food can have a strong impact on fitness when the forager's lifetime is short and resources are not abundant. We investigated the tendency of flowers and hosts to attract 1-day-old female Cotesia rubecula Marshall (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with different feeding histories in a wind tunnel. Only well-fed wasps exhibited a preference for hosts. In comparison, unfed wasps visited hosts and flowers in equal proportions. Feeding experience had a strong impact on the searching behavior and the number of landings on both resources. Host and food stimuli seem to be equally attractive to hungry parasitic wasps such as C. rubecula. We expect that under field conditions the time available for active food searching in female C. rubecula is short and influenced by the presence of hosts.     

县域人类活动与景观格局分析

人类活动的长期持续作用会导致区域景观格局及景观生态功能的变化 ,反过来又会对人类的生存质量和可持续发展能力构成影响。因此人类活动与景观格局的关系及其调控一直是景观生态学研究的重要内容。以植被图、土地利用图和林相图为基础 ,应用 GIS技术和景观格局分析方法研究了岷江流域汶川县人类活动与景观格局特征及其相互关系。结果表明 :通过重要植被类型的分析 ,可以明确不同类型在各乡镇单元的优势程度及其生态完整性 ;基于不同主题图件的景观格局指数之间相关特征的相似性显著 ;3种图件在反映景观破碎化程度上具有相似的能力 ,而在反映景观异质性方面存在显著差异 ;景观的边界密度确实能够由景观中的人类活动要素 (道路密度、居民点及工矿面积比例和农田面积比例 )之间一定的组合关系进行较好的表达与解释。这也充分说明 ,通过人类活动要素可以在一定精度范围内预测景观的变化趋势 ;同时 ,对人类活动的合理调控与管理有助于生态恢复和景观安全格局的维持。因此 ,对县域土地利用、生物多样性保护和区域发展的规划和管理具有重要的参考价值。     

嗜铬粒蛋白N端片段基因在枯草杆菌中的表达及表达产物的活性分析

嗜铬粒蛋白(CGA)是存在于分泌细胞的由439个氨基酸组成的可溶性蛋白。近年的研究发现CGA的N端具有抗血管收缩、抗细菌和抗真菌的功能。为了寻找高效低毒的抗真菌片段,利用PCR技术扩增了编码人嗜铬粒蛋白N端1-76位氨基酸（CGA1-76）的DNA片段,并将之克隆进本实验构建的枯草杆菌诱导型表达载体pSBPTQ,获得含CGA1-76基因的重组质粒pSVTQ,转化蛋白酶三缺陷的枯草杆菌DB403。经蔗糖诱导后,CGA1-76片段在枯草杆菌DB403（pSVTQ）中获得表达,产物分泌到细胞外,分泌量约为5mg/L,占总分泌蛋白的133% 。测试了表达产物对几种丝状真菌和酵母的抑制作用,发现在4μmol/L的浓度下,枯草杆菌表达的重组CGA1-76对镰刀菌、链格孢霉及白假丝酵母有明显的抑制作用。     

13种卫矛科植物杀虫活性研究

研究了13种卫矛科植物根皮的39种提取物对3龄粘虫幼虫(Mythimna sepamte Walker)的杀虫活性。胃毒处理表明6种植物有麻醉活性,7种植物有毒杀活性,触杀处理表明仅2种植物的3种提取物有触杀活性。对玉米象(Sitophiuls zeamais Motschulsky)的种群抑制处理表明,13种植物的36种提取物对玉米象种群有一定程度的抑制作用,但总体上低于文献报道的苦皮藤乙醚提取物的活性。     

假木贼属植物化学成分及生物活性研究进展

综述了到目前为止发表的有关假木贼属的化学成分,主要为生物碱,对这些化合物的生物活性也作了简要的概括。     

丙酮体系中柑橘皮中类胡萝卜素与VC及VE的协同抗氧化性研究

研究了避光条件下柑橘皮类胡萝止素提取物与VC及VE在丙酮溶剂体系中的协同抗氧化性,初步探讨了协同效应产生的条件以及机理。结果表明,在VC浓度为100mg／mL,类胡萝卜素起始浓度与VC浓度的比值小于或等于0．05时,或、VE浓度为O．384mg／mL,类胡萝卜素起始浓度与、VE浓度的比值小于或等于1．5时,类胡萝卜素与VC或、VE在丙酮体系中存在显著的助氧化作用;当体系中VC或VE浓度较低时,随反应时间延长,VC或VE可促进类胡萝卜素的氧化降解。     

柴胡属植物化学成分及药理研究新进展

介绍了近十年来国内外柴胡属植物化学成分及主要化学部位药理研究新进展.为进一步研究开发柴胡提供了依据.